what happens to lithium ion car batteries when they die

When lithium-ion car batteries reach the end of their lifespan and can no longer function effectively, they are typically handled in one of two ways: recycling or repurposing.

1. Recycling: The batteries are broken down into smaller components, and valuable materials such as lithium, cobalt, nickel, and other metals are extracted. These materials are then purified and reused in the production of new batteries or other industrial products. This process helps reduce the dependency on raw mineral resources and minimizes environmental impact by preventing hazardous materials from entering landfills .

2. Repurposing (Second Life): Even though the batteries may no longer be suitable for use in vehicles due to reduced energy capacity, they can still be used in less demanding applications. For example, they can be utilized in stationary energy storage systems, low-speed electric vehicles, or as backup power sources. Through a process of testing, screening, and reconfiguration, these batteries are given a "second life," which extends their overall usage period and improves economic efficiency while reducing environmental pollution .

Both methods contribute to sustainable resource management and support the circular economy by maximizing the value and utility of the battery materials.